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New Study Quantifies White Evangelicals’ Outlying Views

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A new study released by PRRI, a nonprofit, nonpartisan research organization, points to several factors that influence the “outlier” label many give the white, evangelical church. Addressing questions of religious liberty, LGBT policy, discrimination and morality, white evangelicals have different views than the average American.

The research was conducted in February 2017 and breaks responses to questions down by religious affiliation. Looking at the results gleaned, it’s apparent that white evangelicals find themselves increasingly further away from the cultural mindset of most Americans—and even increasingly further away from their Christian peers.

Should Businesses Have the Right to Refuse Service on Religious Grounds?

The study found that white evangelical Protestants (56 percent) is “the only major religious group that favors allowing small business owners to refuse goods or services to gay and lesbian people on religious grounds.” The majority of all the other religious groups represented (white mainline Protestants, Catholics, black Protestants, unaffiliated, and non-Christian religious groups) opposed allowing businesses to refuse service.

The study makes another interesting distinction: “Notably, despite opposition to same-sex marriage, more than seven in 10 (73 percent) black Protestants oppose allowing small business owners to refuse service to gay and lesbian people.”

Refuse service
PRRI

Should Churches Be Allowed to Endorse Political Candidates?

The majority of Americans (seven in 10) do not think churches should be allowed to endorse political candidates and keep their tax-exempt status. The majority of white evangelicals (56 percent) agree with the rest of the country that churches should not be allowed to endorse candidates. However, the percentage of those white evangelicals who agree with this sentiment is the lowest among all the religious groups.

This sentiment among the majority of Americans is in contrast to President Trump’s promise to “totally destroy” the Johnson Amendment, which currently restricts organizations (like churches) from maintaining their tax-exempt status while endorsing political candidates.

Is Sex Only Morally Acceptable if It Is Between a Married Man and Woman?

There is not much surprise here with this finding: White evangelicals are the ones who agree the most that sex is only morally acceptable if it is between a married man and woman. Following at a not-so-close second are non-white Protestants. The greater American culture is nearly evenly split, with only a slim majority disagreeing with the sentiment that sex is only morally acceptable if it is between a married man and woman.

PRRI

Which Group Faces “a Lot” of Discrimination?

Opinions are varied when it comes to which demographic faces “a lot” of discrimination. The study breaks these perceptions down based on political affiliation.

It is interesting to note that while Democrats and the majority of Americans believe Muslims face “a lot” of discrimination—more than they believe Christians do—Republicans are more likely to say Christians face “a lot” of discrimination before they will say Muslims do. In fact, Republicans are just as likely to say Christians face “a lot” of discrimination as they are to say transgender people do.

PRRI

The researchers pointed to another outlying phenomenon, again involving white evangelicals: “White evangelical Protestants stand out as the only group in which less than a majority (46 percent) believe gay and lesbian people face a lot of discrimination today.”

Additionally, white evangelicals are more likely to say Christians are being discriminated against before they will say Muslims are.

PRRI

Do Churches Alienate Young People Over Their ‘Intolerant Views’ of Gays and Lesbians?

A curious shift in the perception of whether or not churches are alienating young people over “intolerant views” of gay and lesbian people has happened since the last time a similar study was done in 2013.

“Half (50 percent) of Americans agree religious groups are alienating young people by being too judgmental about gay and lesbian issues, while nearly as many (45 percent) disagree. Current views of the public represent a significant departure from 2013, when nearly six in 10 (58 percent) Americans said religious groups were alienating young people over gay and lesbian issues.”

Across every age group surveyed, Americans changed their views on churches alienating young people, but as the following chart indicates, none so much as young people themselves.

PRRI

In Summary

To summarize the research in a couple generalized sentences, it appears the divide between the convictions of white evangelicals and their Christian peers is widening—fueling the outlier perception they have in both the broader American culture and within church culture.

A silver lining in the research stands out, at least to this writer: Young adults have relaxed their perspective on the church alienating them over issues involving gays and lesbians. Perhaps this shift in perspective will grow, and in other areas, and young people will once again turn to the church for the answers they need.

These research findings and graphs came from the following source:
Jones, Robert P., Daniel Cox, Betsy Cooper, and Rachel Lienesch. “Majority of Americans Oppose Transgender Bathroom Restrictions.” PRRI. 2017.

Who Will Shine My Light to Them

communicating with the unchurched

I’m thrilled to share a guest post from my good friend Adam Weber. Adam is the pastor of a wonderful, thriving church called Embrace based out of Souix Falls, South Dakota. This is an excerpt from his new book, Talking With God, which releases everywhere on March 21. I thoroughly enjoyed his book—it is fun and easy to read, and full of wisdom to draw you near to God. You can pick it up at your local Walmart, Target or order on amazon.


I’ve always been quite average. I was good enough at football that I wasn’t picked last during recess, but I was too short and slow to be a great athlete. I made the honor roll in high school but was never at the top of the class. And while I laboriously prepared solid speeches for my communications class, I always seemed to mumble the words during the delivery. In my appearance, gifts, skills and expertise, I’ve always been average. Everything I could do, someone else could do much better.

When you feel ordinary, average or less skilled, it’s always easier to play things safe, isn’t it? To blend in. Don’t raise your hand. Don’t step out. Take no chances. Don’t try to be used by God.

To be honest, “safe” is where I wanted to stay. Why risk failing if you don’t have to? Why take the chance of looking stupid if it’s not required? As a young person, I didn’t mind staying right where I was.

IN THE BIBLE, WE SEE ALL KINDS OF ORDINARY PEOPLE BEING USED BY GOD.

Some of them were actually below average in some ways. Abraham was too old. Moses stuttered. David had a moral failure. Lazarus was dead! Their stories are powerful accounts of God using average people for great things. But I still struggled to connect with them. Yes, they appeared to be quite average, but how average could they be if they’re mentioned in the Bible? I know I’m not mentioned in the Bible.

Within each of us, there’s a desire to be used by God. We want to take part in something great, to make a difference for good. We want our lives to matter. Ask a person, “What would you do if you knew you couldn’t fail?” and long-kept dreams will flow out:

“I’ve always wanted to be a teacher. A doctor. A police officer.”
“I’ve always wanted to write a book.”
“My whole life, I’ve wanted to make a difference in the lives of others.”
“I have this desire to help people. I want my life to matter.”

When we think of “great things,” we typically picture a story that will make the news or get shared in a book. But I’m beginning to realize that with God, anything can be a big thing.

In the Bible, we see that through an act as simple as opening up our homes for guests, we might be entertaining angels. Just offering a person a glass of water is really an act of kindness toward Jesus himself. Sometimes the smallest things make the biggest difference.

LOOKING BACK AT MY LIFE, I’M AMAZED BY HOW GOD CONTINUALLY PREPARES US FOR THE QUESTION, “WHOM SHALL I SEND?”

When I was a kid, my mom and I volunteered at a local nursing home each Wednesday. She played the music and we both sang for the folks living there. At first, I was terrified by the “old people.” They were excited to see me, but I was scared to death to see them. But as the people slowly wheel-chaired themselves into the room, Mom would begin playing the piano as I handed out the songbooks. Before long, I loved helping people find the right page so they could sing along.

I also didn’t like hospitals or funeral homes. They were depressing and smelled weird. As I walked past a hospital room, I always worried about what I’d see as I peeked in. During college, I heard about a flower shop that needed a delivery boy. I needed money during the summer, and I figured it couldn’t be that hard to deliver flowers. I had no idea that most of a flower shop’s deliveries go to hospitals and funeral homes. Many of the flowers sent to hospital rooms were ordered by loved ones who couldn’t be there in person. Before long, instead of dropping off the flowers and leaving, I often asked the patients how they were doing. Sometimes I commented on how pretty their flowers were and mentioned that I would be praying for them. Even though this was a small, simple gesture, I left feeling that I had made a difference in people’s day.

Who would have known that years later I would take a job that would require me to be comfortable in nursing homes, hospitals and funeral homes?

WITH GOD, ALL THINGS ARE BIG THINGS.

He’s constantly at work, shaping and preparing us for the next adventure that will take us to the places we least expect.

The truth is, I’ve never been adequate. It’s been God the whole time. So there’s nothing different in what lies ahead. On my own, I am completely inadequate. If you need proof that God can use you, look no further. I’m your guy.

Feel inadequate? Lacking? Insufficient? Disqualified to be used?

We’re right where we need to be in order to be used by God. All we have to do is say yes.

WHEN WE’RE WILLING TO SAY YES TO THE SMALL THINGS, HE’LL GIVE US OPPORTUNITIES TO SAY YES TO BIG THINGS. THIS IS THE STORY OF MY LIFE.

Adam, will you follow me?
Yes.

Share your story at church as a junior in high school?
Yes.

Go to seminary even though you have a business degree?
Yes.

Start a church even though you think it’s crazy?
Yes.

Launch a second campus. And then a third, fourth and fifth?
Yes.

Even though you’re not a writer and you have zero qualifications to write a book, write one?
Ummm… Yes, Lord.

The best part is that when God does the impossible through average people, we clearly know it’s all God. It’s because of his abilities and not ours. Only he gets the credit. Only he gets the glory.

“Who will shine My light to them?” Jesus still asks.

Our simple prayer:

Here I am, Lord.

This article originally appeared here.

The 3 Biggest Obstacles to Evangelistic Church Growth

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For more than 20 years (since first working with Thom Rainer), I’ve studied churches that grow evangelistically. I long to see churches that reach non-believers and make genuine disciples who then reach others. That’s not often happening, however, and here’s my opinion as to why. Let me know your thoughts.

  1. We’ve lost our wonder over Jesus. Read the book of Mark, and take note of how many times people who were amazed or astonished at Jesus immediately went and told others about Him (e.g., Mark 1:21-28). That’s the way it ought to work: Our wonder over Jesus compels us to speak about Him. Conversely, I think it’s fair to assume that if we’re not speaking about Him, we might well have lost our wonder. We’re not going to be evangelistic churches when Jesus is just routine to us.
  2. We don’t passionately preach the gospel. I’m amazed by how many sermons I’ve heard that give little or no direction in following Jesus. I know no pastors who plan to not preach the gospel, but I’ve sure heard sermons that still leave me wondering, “Sirs, what must I do to be saved?” (Acts 16:30). Even those sermons that do try to get to the gospel are sometimes so dry and dispassionate that I’m not sure I’d want what that preacher’s offering.
  3. We do church in our own power. We pray only when we must (that is, when we face something we can’t first fix on our own), and we operate more in our ability and training than in the power of God. We’re too much like the disciples of Mark 9, trying to take on demons without even praying. One issue with that approach is that, while we can regrettably do much church in our own power, we cannot change non-believing hearts blinded by the enemy (2 Cor. 4:3-4). No church living on its own ability is likely to see evangelistic growth.

What are your thoughts?

This article originally appeared here.

Why I Wish Christians Would Argue MORE (No, Seriously)

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I wish Christians would argue more.

No, I’m not being sarcastic or saying this with an eye roll. I mean it.

I want Christians to argue more and fight less. To take it a step further, I’d even say that fighting less depends on our willingness to argue more and better.

Arguing in the Classic Sense

To be clear, I’m not using the word “argue” in the sense that the apostle Paul did, when he instructed the Philippian church to “do everything without grumbling and arguing” (Phil 2:15). I don’t say “argue” in the sense of being quarrelsome or irritable or “loving the fight” of aggressive words.

I use the word “argue” in its classic sense: the ability to make or counter an argument that depends on logic and reason. To meet one argument with another. To argue with someone, civilly and respectfully, toward the discovery of truth.

Arguing vs. Quarreling

In his autobiography, G.K. Chesterton remarked that the bad thing about a quarrel is that it spoils a good argument! He hated when bad feelings overshadowed the making and countering of good arguments.

The ability to argue well is the hallmark of a civil society, and it should be the goal of thoughtful Christians. Chesterton provided a model of this in his frequent debates with George Bernard Shaw, a lifelong friend who saw the world almost completely differently than he did. The two of them argued, but they did not fight.

C.S. Lewis did the same. Michael Ward says Lewis “relished disagreement and debate.” He mentions one student, Derek Brewer, who remembered how Lewis would sometimes say, “I couldn’t disagree more!” But Lewis never “indicated he was offended or that Brewer was somehow unjustified in holding an opinion Lewis considered mistaken. Though they often differed, this led to a ‘fruitful dichotomy of attitudes,’ not to a chilling of their pedagogical relationship.”

Ward sums up Lewis’s approach:

“He could always distinguish the man from the man’s opinion, and he knew the difference between an argument and a quarrel. He would not allow himself to be betrayed into aggression.”

Why the Quarrels?

In This Is Our Time, I write that I’d love to see more arguing online, if by that we mean rational, reasonable intentions of persuading people to another point of view. Instead, we see quarreling online, where people are personally offended that someone else has a different opinion, so they dig in in order to defend the point of view they already accept.

Why does this happen? For three reasons.

1. The Rise of Emotivism

First, fewer people believe it is even possible to arrive at a conclusion in a moral debate. This has led to the rise of emotivism, which Alasdair MacIntyre defines as “the doctrine that all evaluative judgments and more specifically all moral judgments are nothing but expressions of preference, expressions of attitude or feeling, insofar as they are moral or evaluative in character.”

2. The Rise of Worst Assumptions

In the emotivist environment, people assume the worst of their opponents. They no longer attempt to appeal to unassailable criteria or compelling reasons to make the case for one policy over another, which leads to deep suspicion that something other than reason itself is motivating their activism.

“If I lack any good reasons to invoke against you, it must seem that I lack any good reasons,” MacIntyre explains. “Hence it seems that underlying my own position there must be some non-rational decision to adopt that position.”

Do you see what has happened here? We assume that a nefarious motivation or irrational prejudice must be guiding one’s opponent, since there is no longer any way to base a particular point of view on a commonly accepted moral axis.

3. The Rise of Technological Reaffirmation

Finally, in a hyper-connected age, we are constantly reaffirmed in our “rightness.” The accessibility of endless information on our phones makes us think we have the knowledge we need most and that we are right.

This is why, if you check the Facebook comments and the Twitter followings of people and the comments section of online blogs and articles, you’ll stumble across people who seem, shall we say, less than pleasant. It’s because they’ve been in a years-long process of heart-formation by which (1) they’re convinced that they have all the knowledge they need—if not in their head, it’s right there on their phone, and (2) that they are right and their cause is righteous.

Put these two developments together (the idea that we cannot arrive at moral truth, and the rise of technology that reaffirms our own righteousness), and you can see why many conversations devolve quickly from argumentation to quarreling.

Civility as a Christian Gift

One of the ways that Christians can be faithful in this time, to stand out and “shine like stars in a crooked and depraved generation,” is by relearning the civility required for good argumentation, and then offering civil, rational discourse to our society. Os Guinness roots this calling in the gospel:

“Followers of Jesus are called to be peacemakers, with truth and grace; Paul asks us to speak the truth with love. We’re called to love our enemies and do good to those who wrong us. This is our Christian motivation for championing the classical virtue of civility.”

So let’s hope for more arguing and less fighting!

This article originally appeared here.

I’ve Come Down With a Case of Legalism—How Can I Recover?

communicating with the unchurched

I like rules, lines and boundaries. I feel safer if I have clear parameters, which explains my love for graph paper.

I like it when everything is nice and tidy. The problem is, life isn’t always nice and tidy.

People around me don’t always play by my rules, and I’m the biggest boundary breaker of them all.

It would seem that the alternative to rules-based living would be no-rules living, rebellion and abandonment of moral restraint. But what if that isn’t the best alternative to legalistic living?

Jesus’ greatest confrontations happened with legalists who not only lived by rigid sets of rules, but quickly judged others by those rules as well.

The New Testament message—the gospel—is one of liberation from legalism, but it isn’t an encouragement to rebellion either.

It’s about being free to really live. But how? How can I really live a life free from legalism and still grow into the godly character that Jesus saved me to be?

Establish Some Foundational Principles

We can know certain things to be true, no matter what. They are unbreakable absolutes that cannot be compromised. We know at least this much:

  1. God’s Word, the Bible (including the “Law”), is perfect, good, without any mixture of error, and therefore completely trustworthy as the basis for living life.
  2. Holiness, complete maturity and Christlikeness is God’s goal for every believer in Christ.
  3. Legalism never gets us to that goal. (So let’s move on…)

Get Honest About Legalism in Your Life

My name is Brandon Cox, and I’m a legalist. At least I still struggle with the remnants of legalism in my life.

I guess I’m a “recovering legalist” who still slips into the old frame of mind sometimes. In fact, I think we all tend toward legalism to varying degrees, and the longer we’ve been believers, the more susceptible we are.

How can you tell if you’re a legalist? Here’s a quick checklist…

  1. I determine whether God likes me or not based on how well I’ve kept the rules.
  2. I might acknowledge I was saved by grace alone, but I think my effort has something to do with staying saved.
  3. I tend to pray less when I fear that God is probably mad at me about something.
  4. I think I’m disqualified from the Christian faith because I’ve messed up, in spite of the fact that I’m still alive and breathing.
  5. I tend to notice the “bad behavior” in others without giving thought to their past pain, poor upbringing or unknown circumstances.
  6. When other sinners suffer for their choices, I hear a tiny voice saying “serves them right.”
  7. I’m more passionate about the rules I find easy to keep, and minimize the ones I personally struggle with.
  8. I’m all about being “in the Word” but sometimes fail to let the Word get into me.
  9. I love going to Bible study more than serving or witnessing because it “feeds me” and makes me feel more spiritually mature.
  10. I recognize that traditions are not necessarily biblical…unless they’re my traditions.

Thoroughly self-diagnosed yet? Let’s talk about the cure.

Go to the Cross for Healing

You need to know, up front, that you’ll never completely get over being a legalist.

Since the garden of Eden, God has been all about grace. It explains why God made coats of animal skins to cover the shame of Adam and Eve.

And since the garden of Eden, we’ve tried (with Satan’s help) to re-write the gospel to somehow include merit. As humans, we are rules addicts.

But we can break free. Jesus invites us to His freedom…

Then Jesus said, “Come to me, all of you who are weary and carry heavy burdens, and I will give you rest. Take my yoke upon you. Let me teach you, because I am humble and gentle at heart, and you will find rest for your souls. For my yoke is easy to bear, and the burden I give you is light.

Matthew 11:28-30 NLT

Paul developed a distinctive theology of freedom.

So Christ has truly set us free. Now make sure that you stay free, and don’t get tied up again in slavery to the law.

Galatians 5:1 NLT

Here are some steps to take…

  1. See your sin for what it is. It’s an offense to God to sin. No, you shouldn’t beat yourself up over past mistakes, but you also shouldn’t vindicate yourself on the basis that sin “isn’t a big deal.”
  2. See Jesus for who He is. He’s your sacrifice. Nothing you’ve done could have prevented Him from going to the cross just for you. He’s the only perfect and righteous Savior.
  3. See the cross for what it is. The cross was where He died for your sins. In other words, your sins are paid for. Stop trying to pay the debt yourself. Every time you do, you ignore the cross and insult His sacrifice.
  4. Embrace grace. Revel in it. Bathe yourself in the idea of it. Roll around in the concept that you are free…free indeed!
  5. Embrace grace…more. Don’t stop thinking about it. Read about it. Read about how Jesus showed it. Understand that you’ll never totally understand it, but don’t stop trying.
  6. Show grace. In fact, mob people with it. Show it when you don’t feel like it, when it doesn’t make sense and especially when it would feel better to do otherwise.

Any other recovering legalists out there?

This article originally appeared here.

These YouTube Channels are Maliciously Targeting Young Children with Terrifying Content

communicating with the unchurched

Do your children like to watch shows like “Peppa Pig” and “Doc McStuffins”? The shows, geared toward really young children, are produced by Entertainment One UK and Disney, respectively, and are generally age-appropriate. However, a quick search on YouTube for either of these show names can produce very inappropriate content for little ones to see.

Laura June, a staff writer for TheOutline.com and a mom, recently discovered the dark, dark underbelly of YouTube while her 3-year-old was watching videos on an iPad. Not one to plunk her child in front of a device with access to the internet and walk away, June was keeping the occasional eye and ear on the video her daughter was watching while she was getting ready for work one day.

June’s daughter is a Peppa Pig fan, a popular British cartoon series that is pretty innocuous. While the show is mainly accessible through television, there is an official Peppa Pig YouTube channel that features shorts and some episodes of the popular show. If you have ever tried getting ready in the morning with a toddler in tow, you know how handy it can be to hand your child an iPad as he or she sits on the floor of your bathroom and watches a short video featuring a beloved cartoon character.

However, parents have reason to be cautious as they employ YouTube to provide short entertainment options for their kids. A quick search of Peppa Pig on YouTube yields several video results that are not affiliated with the official, Entertainment-One-UK-produced show.

Most of these channels are simply knock-offs of the real thing—a low-quality version of the real cartoon—however, some are far from the real thing. This is what June found out; fortunately, she was standing close enough to her daughter and was able to snatch the iPad from her grasp before she witnessed a very disturbing video of “Peppa” being tortured by a dentist. To her daughter’s young eyes, the crude version of the beloved cartoon character didn’t trigger the realization that this video was not an official Peppa video.

June says she also found similar videos featuring Doc McStuffins, another one of her daughter’s favorite cartoon shows. She has identified two YouTube channels: “Smile Kids TV” and “Baby Funny TV” that take the popular cartoon characters and put them in disturbing situations. “Smile Kids TV”, June reports, has over 10 million views. The BBC has also published an article about June’s discovery, and subsequently identified a couple other channels parents should be wary of: “Toys and Funny Kids Surprise Eggs” and “Candy Family.”

The unfortunate reality is that even if you are careful to start your kid off on an official video, sometimes the suggested content that pops up after a video’s completion can lead kids astray.

With this in mind, the BBC has put together some guidelines for parents seeking to protect their kids from harmful content while on the popular video-sharing site. Their advice (along with a couple pointers we’ve drummed up here at ChurchLeaders) can be summarized as follows:

Use the YouTube Kids app instead of the regular YouTube app

While the YouTube Kids app doesn’t catch everything that is inappropriate for kids, it does have more filters in place and stands a better chance of flagging risque content than the regular YouTube app does.

Turn on “restricted mode”

At the very bottom of any given YouTube page, there is a setting you can employ called “restricted mode.” This setting hides content that has been flagged by other users as “inappropriate” as well as hiding content based on other “signals.” Again, this is not a failsafe, but it will help.

YouTube

Don’t hand your small child a device and walk away

This is perhaps the best thing you can do. Unfortunately, with the sheer amount of content YouTube puts out, it is nearly impossible to monitor it all. Parents and caregivers have to be very vigilant!

Flag inappropriate content when you find it

To help others, if you do come across a video like the one June found, flag it as inappropriate. This will help YouTube stay on top of inappropriate content aimed at children.

YouTube

Talk to your little ones about what they’re watching

The beauty of small children is that more often than not, they will tell you if and when they see something disturbing. If you tell them to be on the lookout for such things, they are even more likely to tell you.

It’s unfortunate we live in a world where people maliciously put such videos on the internet—clearly targeting small children. Hopefully, with these safeguards in place, you can reduce the risk of your child seeing something disturbing on YouTube.

Stop Slandering Public School Teachers

communicating with the unchurched

We are now in our 12th year of public schooling, and between our three children we have totaled 22 school years of public education. This has taken place in a limited context, of course: one primary school and one high school in one school district in one town in one province in one country.

I have written elsewhere about how and why we made the decision to educate our children this way and do not wish to cover that ground again today. What I do wish to do, though, is to reflect on the way that Christians speak about public schools and, even more so, about public school teachers. The last 10 years have made me realize that many Christians speak unfairly about public school teachers. They may even speak slanderously.

Being Fair to Public School Teachers

To slander someone is to “make a false spoken statement that causes people to have a bad opinion of someone.”1 It is a deliberate or inadvertent misrepresentation that does damage to a person’s reputation. I have learned a lot about this sin from R.C. Sproul of all people. Several times Dr. Sproul has written books about Catholicism and he has often said that Protestants are prone to slander Catholics by inadequately understanding and unfairly representing their beliefs.

Protestants tend to say things like, “We believe that justification is by faith but Roman Catholics say it is by works. We believe it is by grace but Roman Catholics say it is by merit. We believe it is through Christ but Roman Catholics believe it is through one’s own righteousness.” But as Sproul points out, “These are terrible slanders against Rome” because from “the 16th century to today, the Roman Catholic Church has said that justification requires faith, the grace of God and the work of Jesus Christ.”2 The real debate is not over faith, but over faith alone. To right this injustice he has attempted to make a careful study of Catholicism, to represent it fairly and to critique it for what it actually is. In this way he has modeled fair engagement.

When it comes to education in North America, the tides in the Reformed world have shifted away from public education and toward Christian or home schooling. The decision on education is for each family to make on the basis of beliefs, conscience and context. I am convinced that any of the options are in play, at least for our family, and at various times we have seriously considered all three. To this point we have maintained public schooling.

3 Trademarks of a Growing, Healthy Friendship

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This content was originally posted by Paul Tripp on www.paultripp.com

When was the last time you felt let down by a good friend?

When was the last time you felt misunderstood, or entirely unheard?

When was the last time you struggled to resolve a conflict, and simply agreed to disagree?

When was the last time you felt betrayed, or even used?

When was the last time you questioned if that friendship was even worth pursuing anymore?

Chances are you can answer any of those above questions with “Last week” or “Yesterday” or maybe even “An hour ago!”

THE REALITY OF FRIENDSHIP

Regardless of how long you have been friends, and no matter how much you have been through together, your friendships can never fully escape the disappointment caused by the power of self-centeredness and the damaging effects of sin.

I’ll be honest: That reality sometimes makes me want to find an island to inhabit by myself, free from the risk and pain of friendships!

But God has designed for us to live in community (Genesis 2:18), and his command and prayer is that we would pursue friendship and be united with one another (see Ephesians 4 and John 17:20-26).

To live in isolation not only rejects God’s ownership over our lives, but also denies our fundamental human hardwiring. So we must continue to pursue friendship with others, but not begrudgingly or in fear.

Rather, we pursue friendship with joy because there is practical help offered to us in the Scriptures, divine grace available for our specific struggles and beautiful blessings to experience when biblical friendship is realized!

THREE TRADEMARKS

There are many passages in the Bible that offer practical help with friendship, but one of my favorites is Ephesians 4:1-7.

I, therefore, a prisoner for the Lord, urge you to walk in a manner worthy of the calling to which you have been called, 2 with all humility and gentleness, with patience, bearing with one another in love, 3 eager to maintain the unity of the Spirit in the bond of peace. 4 There is one body and one Spirit—just as you were called to the one hope that belongs to your call— 5 one Lord, one faith, one baptism, 6 one God and Father of all, who is over all and through all and in all. 7 But grace was given to each one of us according to the measure of Christ’s gift. (ESV)

In this passage, we find three trademarks of a growing, healthy friendship.

1. Working Hard

The ESV uses the word “eager,” and I also like how the NIV begins verse 3: “Make every effort…”

The Apostle Paul tells us that friendships are not something that we should take for granted. They are gifts that are to be managed with great care.

At the same time, Paul is not naïve about the hard work relationships require. He knows that relationships, even among people who have the Spirit, will not be easy. (Remember, while the power of sin has been broken, the presence of sin still remains in the body of Christ.)

Considering both of those facts, we should be eager to work hard to develop and grow our friendships. I am deeply persuaded that the number one reason friendships fail is neglect. Sure, we may experience one big moment of betrayal or hurt, but most times, friendships erode due to the drip-drip-drip of sin and neither person taking the time to repair and heal the leak.

Are you eagerly working hard to develop your friendship? Or are you expecting it to grow itself?

Go out of your way to send an encouraging email or text. Call your friend on your lunch break instead of browsing Facebook. Get up early, stay up late or put aside your hobby for an hour so you have more time in a day to dedicate to a friendship.

I’m afraid that many of us—the author of this blog post included—are just too lazy and self-oriented to invest the time in important relationships that God has placed in our lives.

2. Removing Expectations

Because of the nature of sin, each of us enter into a friendship with a self-centered agenda. “What can this person do for me?” is the default question of the human heart. But by God’s grace, we can remove those selfish expectations and ask, “How can I be used by God to love this friend?”

Ephesians 4:2 lists four character qualities that should define our lives: humility, gentleness, patience and forbearance. Each of these will create a climate of grace that transforms our friendships.

Typically, relationships are governed by a structure of law, offense and punishment. I have a set of rules you must abide by, I’m watching to make sure you follow these rules, and if you don’t, I feel justified in meting out some form of punishment. This is a flagrant contradiction of the gospel, and it prevents the glory and worth of God’s grace from showing itself.

Where are you expecting to be served by your friend? How do you “punish” your friend when they don’t meet your expectations?

No wonder it’s hard to be friends with us! But if we, by grace, begin to remove the selfish expectations we had at the beginning of our friendship, we are freed up to love and serve with humility, gentleness and patience, even if we are being provoked (forbearance).

3. Celebrating Diversity

The Bible celebrates and advocates diversity among the body of Christ (see Revelation 7:9). We should pursue unity, but not uniformity. That means you ought to have Christian friends who don’t share your skin color, economic status and cultural preferences.

In the context of this Ephesians 4 passage, however, Paul is writing more about our spiritual differences. We have varying gifts, serve in a variety of capacities and are at various levels of maturity (vv. 3-7). All of these differences are there by God’s sovereign apportionment.

Yet how often do we see diversity as a hindrance? How often are you frustrated and annoyed by the different strengths and weaknesses that your friend has?

Because we come into friendship with selfish agendas, we want our friends to fit our mold. What if we took up God’s agenda for friendship instead? That is, we celebrate the fact that God chooses to surround us with people who are different from us because he knows it will promote his purpose.

Because our friendships are grounded in the Trinity, we don’t have to be the same. There is one God, but three persons. God uses our diversity to accomplish his purpose—our growth in grace. Diversity is not an obstacle, but a very significant means to this end.

THE VISION FOR FRIENDSHIP

If I had to summarize Ephesians 4, this is what I would say: The highest joys of friendship grow in the soil of the deepest struggles.

Struggles are not obstacles, but instruments in God’s hands. Every struggle is an opportunity to experience God’s grace yourself and give it to the other person.

Every day in your friendship, you are either pursuing your selfish agenda or God’s agenda. Take advantage of grace, follow God and see the strong healthy friendship that results!

Read this next from Paul Tripp: Practical and Profound Advice on How to Live Out Awe

Why Your Church Won’t Be for Everyone

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Is it possible that your church isn’t a perfect fit for everyone?

Everyone is welcome, but maybe another church might meet their particular needs better. That’s not an easily embraced thought.

Can you say “no” to someone even if it potentially results in them leaving your church?

Learning to balance the natural tension of loving and caring for people, but not allowing someone to leverage their personal agenda, or even hijack the purpose of your church, is not easy.

This is a tough issue and requires artful leadership. As shepherds, we hate to have even one person leave, but sometimes it’s OK.

The church is not designed to please everyone. The kind of preaching or style of worship can’t make everyone happy. Your approach to student ministry won’t connect with every parent. Heck, your choice of coffee can make some people mad!

The church does not exist to deliver all the programming its attendees can dream up. If we did everything we’ve been asked to do, we’d have dozens of programs from baseball leagues to classes in CPR.

You can’t preach every sermon your congregation thinks you should preach.

Sometimes you just need to say no.

It’s all good and worthy stuff, but the church not only shouldn’t do all of it, but it also can’t. No one church can do everything. That is simply impossible. So what each church does must be carefully, strategically and prayerfully thought through.

Many of the things that your attendees request already exist somewhere in your community. Encourage your congregation to engage the community, and take Jesus with them!

Three principles to help you navigate these sensitive matters.

1) Love everyone, but cater to no one.

Jesus served everyone the Father directed Him to serve. We are to do no less. But the Father never directed Jesus to serve everyone while He was here on earth.

One of the stories that illustrate this is in John Chapter 11. Mary and Martha’s brother, Lazarus, was sick and dying. They pleaded with Jesus to come and heal him, but Jesus stayed where He was for two more days. I’m certain they didn’t understand in the moment. They were probably upset. Jesus loved Lazarus, Mary and Martha, but He remained on purpose.

The tension arises from the fact that people are the purpose of the church. But Jesus never demonstrated or communicated that His Kingdom purpose for the local church was to be surrendered to any single individual’s desires. Keep the larger mission in mind.

2) Know what God has called you to do and don’t back down.

You can’t do everything, so do what you do well. Keep your list of ministries lean. Stick to the main thing—stick to what God has called you to do.

Be strategic. Use resources wisely. Listen carefully to the prompts of the Holy Spirit. I’m convinced that God won’t give you more to do than you have time to do it in. So, if you have too much to do, maybe you are doing something God doesn’t need you to do.

Pray till you know what God wants. God is not the author of confusion and division. If there is disagreement amongst leaders, keep praying and practice mutual voluntary submission. When you agree and are aligned in God’s purpose and plan for ministry, be bold. Don’t back down.

I love the story in the book of Nehemiah when Sanballat and Geshem sent Nehemiah a message trying to get him to meet with them. Nehemiah responded that he was carrying on a great project and could not meet! He asked, “Why should the work stop and I go down to you?” They pressured him for a meeting four times, and each time Nehemiah did not back down. He would not be hijacked by someone else’s agenda (Nehemiah 6:1-4).

3) Get comfortable with the idea that the Kingdom of God is bigger than your church.

I used to take it personally when anyone left the church I love and serve. It still gets to me at times, but I’ve come to realize that the Kingdom of God is much bigger than my church.

The message of Jesus Christ is for everyone, but your church isn’t everyone’s preference, and that’s OK. Your doors are open to everyone, of course. They are welcome, but you can’t meet the high diversity of needs and ministry required in the body of Christ.

It’s natural to be disappointed if someone who has been with you for a long time leaves your church or if someone visits your church for a while and doesn’t stay. Don’t take it personally. In the same way that you on occasion must say no to someone, they can say no to you.

If you try to please everyone, you’ll end up with a much smaller congregation than you will if you know who you are, know what you are called to do, and do that well.

You can love and serve anyone, but you can’t please everyone. If a family leaves, love them well on the way out and let them know they are always welcome to return as Jesus directs them.

People want confident leadership in a church that knows where it’s headed. Even if they don’t entirely agree with you.


If you’re like me, you want to meet every need you can. And you’d like to accommodate requests. But there are times you need to say no to some requests, preferences and demands. As a result, a few people may leave, but hold true to the purpose God has given you, and stay steady on the course.

This article originally appeared here.

Why “Ministry Passion” Is an Unhealthy Myth

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If you feel like you’ve lost your passion for ministry and can’t seem to regain the excitement and motivation you felt in earlier years, that’s a very good thing.

Where in the Bible do we see any of the early church leaders praying to “get their passion back”?

The idea that “passion for the ministry” is an indispensable requirement for long-term effectiveness is a lie the enemy dangles in front of us to distract us from our real work. This is the passion myth.

How many of us have spent weeks, months, even years fretting over the fact that we don’t feel passionate about what we’re doing any longer? It’s a pastoral epidemic.

This vague “search to regain my passion” drives senior pastors like you and me to seek new ministries, new spouses, new job descriptions, new mission statements, new elder boards, new staffs and new careers. Most often it leads to depression, and in some cases, to want to end our lives altogether.

I know because I’ve experienced this first-hand.

Here’s what I’ve discovered: Whenever a senior pastor has “lost their motivation” it is because they were drawing their “motivation” in the first place from one of four unhealthy motivation sources. Not only do many of us start ministry using these motivators, we dip back into the same bags of tricks once we lose our way.

Four Unhealthy Senior Pastor Motivators

1. Extrinsic Manipulation

One false motivator is what I call “extrinsic manipulation.” This happens when senior pastors manipulate factors outside of themselves to make themselves do what they cannot do on their own. You know this is your most common motivation trick if you constantly find yourself launching new projects, setting goals or recruiting accountability partners.

When senior pastors feel unmotivated, you’ll see them set into motion grand projects, campaigns or efforts that collectively unite the congregation to force the senior pastor to produce results.

Congregations are so used to seeing this kind of self-motivational tactic (and the motivation is so often indistinguishable from authentically Spirit-led efforts) that they’re usually unable to see what is causing their senior pastor to set new BHAG’s (big hairy audacious goals), build a new wing, launch a new church or tackle a new mission.

This unhealthy motivator is similar to the way some people “announce” on Facebook that they’re going to lose weight, then snap a picture of their overweight selves for the world to see. Their motivation for doing this is to unite the “world” to hold them accountable for what they are unwilling, or unable, to do on their own.

Without the false motivator of constantly setting goals, getting the congregation to hold them accountable for attaining them, getting them to depend upon them to raise the money to fund them, or work themselves into the ground to achieve them, these senior pastors would be left to find their own intrinsic motivations for staying in ministry.

There is a very good reason why we NEVER see God’s leaders in scripture setting goals.

2. External Validation

A second unhealthy motivator is the quest for external validation. Christian leaders often quickly dismiss the desire to please someone as a primary driver for going into or staying in ministry, as fluffy irrelevant psychobabble. This is unwise.

As human beings, we senior pastors are born wanting to please, even for highly independent personalities like my own. Parents, mentors, those who led us to Christ, professors, the parents we never had or wished we had, ministry competitors, elder boards, spouses—all of these and more can be real or imaginary people to whom we look for personal validation.

How am I doing? Am I successful? What could I improve on? What did you think of that sermon? Oh, you liked it? Great! Oh, you didn’t like it? Crap. Should I take that job? Should I move there? Do you think I’m focused on what I should be focused on? How do you think I’m doing?

When senior pastors feel validated, they feel motivated. When the validation wanes, their motivation wanes.

Here’s a little secret: External validation always wanes.

3. Adrenal Energy

As senior pastors, our bodies produce the hormone adrenaline to prepare ourselves to immediately address fight or flight situations.

Ministry is rarely a fight or flight situation unless we have creatively turned it into one.

One of the common things I see in senior pastors I coach is an unhealthy reliance upon adrenaline to accomplish basic ministry tasks. Unable to find an intrinsic center from which to tackle their daily priorities, they’ve created an entire lifestyle dependent upon adrenal spikes to provide biochemical ministry motivation. When the adrenaline wears off, they drink coffee or energy drinks to take over.

You know you struggle with this when your sermons are perpetually finished on a Saturday because you need the adrenal spike to finish them. God forbid that spike doesn’t come.

When I work with senior pastors to reorganize their weeks to provide two full days off of rest and demand that they see a dietitian to rid their bodies of the empty carbohydrates and chemicals they’ve been using to fuel themselves for years, they often flounder for a season.

They ask, “How do I get motivated to accomplish my weekly tasks if I’m not using caffeine, stimulants or adrenaline to fuel myself?”

My response: “Now we’re getting somewhere, my friend.”

4. New Employment Opportunities

This last false motivator is the nuclear option: finding another job.

When all else has failed—when every goal that could be set has been set, every mission statement that could be reevaluated has been reevaluated, and you’ve tried every single trick in the book to find motivation to do what you need to do but can’t—the nuclear option is always to find a new job somewhere.

Because the solution is always outside of ourselves, isn’t it?

Why yes, Jonah, it is.

I tried to leave my first ministry out of seminary after 30 days. I tried to leave my second ministry after 365 days. If it weren’t for my gracious wife helping me to see that my problem was MY problem, and not the (fill in the blank): _________ (the people, the eldership, the building, the lack of a building, the location, the lackluster demographics, the giving, the population size, the density of churched people, etc.), I would have left each of those situations after 30 and 365 days on the nose.

We’ve all been on that boat in search of Tarshish.

How to Lead Without Unhealthy Motivation

So you’ve been at a church long enough now that the old bag of tricks no longer works.

What do you do?

Here are some suggestions that might help.

1. Go on a “Unhealthy Motivator” Cleanse

Stop setting goals. Throw away your cans of Red Bull in the fridge. Permanently delete that resume you’ve been sending out to anyone who would read it.

In fact, tell your team that for the next year you’re not going to start anything new. No new groups. No new ministries. No manufactured “emergencies” that demand new solutions of any kind.

Can you imagine what your church would do if you couldn’t start ANYTHING new for the next year? We’re so used to the idea of constantly changing things we don’t realize what often drives those changes in the first place, do we?

Let’s strip away, one by one, every possible unhealthy motivator in your life that you’ve been using to stay “passionate” to do the work you’ve been doing.

In fact, if I were to ask you to list the top three unhealthy motivators you keep going back to over and over again, what would they be? What keeps you going?

Pull them out of your well-crafted bag of tricks and crucify them one by one.

To be used by God in a powerful way, we need to stand before him as our naked, unaided selves.

2. Scrub Your Psyche With Scripture and the Christian Classics

Since it’s difficult to recognize unhealthy motivators in our own lives, I believe it’s necessary to fill our minds with the thoughts and ideas of people who can call them out, and have successfully overcome them themselves. These people are almost always those who lived in a time and place different than our own.

There was a two-year period (when I was at that church I wanted to quit after 365 days) that I spent two full years reading nothing but books written by dead people.

I read the letters of Paul over and over and over again. I read the Journal of John Wesley, Justin Martyr, Augustine and The Desert Fathers. I read Chesterton, Lewis, Woolman and DeSales. It was an explosive renewal of theological conviction for me.

If you’re struggling to find your ministry equilibrium, I would encourage you to read the classics, go on retreats to monasteries and let God’s presence wash over you afresh.

Some of the most powerful moments of ridding unhealthy motivators in my life came while laying face down on monastery floors with scripture opened on one side of me and John Chrysostom on the other.

3. Approach Your Ministry Like an Artisan

The Senior Pastors I coach who have learned to continually discharge the duties of their ministries without the need to draw upon false motivators all have one thing in common: They treat their ministry work like artisans.

They approach their tasks in service to God and the church the way a medieval candle-maker would.

In pre-industrial times, people “apprenticed” themselves to an artisan to learn their craft. After a prolonged period of practice under supervised eyes, they became a journeyman, one recognized to practice their trade and make a living from it on their own. Those who distinguished themselves and had the financial wherewithal necessary to employ others were then considered master craftsmen.

At no point in this entire process was the focus on either the person learning their craft, or on the exponential super-incredible worldwide crazy-to-think-about-can-you-believe-it vision of what could happen in the future because of that bar of soap they were making.

It was about the product—the cloth, bread, beer, cheese, tables and knives.

Artisans got up and did their work with great pride. Day after boring day. Week after boring week. Month after boring month.

This past week I had a conversation with someone that helped them make a tough decision. I take pride and satisfaction in that conversation, and that is all. I have taught myself that I don’t need anything more than that. That talk in my mind wasn’t tied to something more. It didn’t validate my call to ministry. It didn’t confirm my gifts and abilities. It simply helped that person the way a saddle sold by an artisan would help someone ride a horse.

Three weeks ago, I wrote a sermon that I felt was really good. I was proud of the content. The exegesis was excellent. I lined up the introduction about as well as I could have. The application was both insightful and encouraging. Once written I didn’t need anyone else’s validation to know that it was a good sermon. Did I care whether people “liked” it? Not one bit. I liked it. I felt that God was pleased with my work. That was enough.

Working humbly and taking pride and satisfaction in our work is something that is insulated from critics. It is insulated from external validation. I don’t need to jack myself up with adrenaline to do my work.

Like a master craftsman, I practice my trade, then I go home and sleep well at night.

I don’t concern myself with great matters (Psalm 131:1).

I believe there is a reason the Apostle Paul was the greatest evangelist in the history of the world. There is a reason he started more churches and influenced more people than anyone among God’s people, before or since.

Besides the obvious calling and miraculous power of God on his life, Paul didn’t dwindle his time away in self-doubt trying to “regain his passion” after he lost it.

Paul simply did the work and allowed passion to unexpectedly show up, then quietly leave again with little fanfare.

One of the reasons I think Paul was able to do that was because he spent his ministry years bent over six days a week, from sun up until sun down, weaving animal skins into shoes, awnings and tents people could use.

“For you yourselves know how you ought to follow our example. We were not idle when we were with you, nor did we eat anyone’s food without paying for it. On the contrary, we worked night and day, laboring and toiling so that we would not be a burden to any of you” (2 Thessalonians 3:7-8).

And it was that advantage—those values—that unique insight he gained from the daily grind—that gave him something we 21st-century knowledge workers lack: pride and satisfaction in something we produce with our hands.

That lack of a substantive, physical corollary in our lives—the absence of some actual physical task with which senior pastors can look to in their lives and say “I made that”—puts us at a disadvantage.

Martin Luther brewed beer.

The Apostle Paul made tents.

Without any such corollary, it skews our understanding of work, satisfaction and motivation.

Four hundred years ago, people didn’t write books about “motivation” and “personal satisfaction” because people weren’t asking those questions. They simply took pride in what they did, humbly accepted their lot in life and got on with the real reason they worked in the first place: to live.

Listen, feelings of excitement about ministry come and go. Feelings of excitement are great when they come, but excitement in ministry is to be enjoyed like a sunny day.

A beautiful day is great when it comes, but like a master craftsman, the work goes on when it doesn’t.

This article originally appeared here.

Don’t Preach Until You’ve Asked These 6 Questions

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Before you preach your next sermon, take the time to answer these six questions. If you do, you’ll have greater clarity for the content of the message and the congregation will have greater clarity for the expected action from the message.

So, pastor, grab your sermon and ask God for wisdom as you dive into these questions.

Six Key Questions to Ask of Your Sermon Before You Preach it

1. Are my first five minutes interesting?

If you follow our sticky sermon structure, you’ll know that you’re asking this question of the engage section of your sermon.

We want to evaluate whether or not our first five minutes will cause people to lean in and take interest in what we’re sharing. This could be done with an interesting personal story, a shocking fact, or a joke that connects to the message. Whatever your introduction contains, make sure that it’s interesting (and obviously connected to the rest of the message). Interesting for interesting sake is pointless.

2. Do I show the importance of the subject?

Next, move to the tension section of the sermon where we’re moving from interesting to important and setting up our time of digging into the Scriptures.

Here we want to bring up the problem we face when it comes to the point of the text. We’re simply priming the pump for moving into the biblical passage we are going to look at. For example, if you’re preaching on Galatians 6:2 (bear one another’s burdens…) you could talk about the tension between knowing that we need to share what we are going through with others, but fearing what they may do with the information we give. It’s a tension that can be resolved once you move into the text, namely, it’s a two-way street and in doing so, we fulfill the law of Christ.

3. Am I giving a complete picture of the truth?

We call this the truth section of the sermon. This is where we dive into the passage of Scripture we are focusing on, do good biblical exegesis and help the congregation be in the text. Help them see what the original hearers or the people in the narrative saw. Help them feel what they felt.

When we ask this question, we’re really wanting to evaluate whether or not we are being true to the original intended meaning, putting the passage into the grand narrative of Scripture, and preaching the Gospel from the passage (here’s how to preach the Gospel every time).

4. Where does this intersect with life today?

It’s time for application. We want to move from the original intended meaning by using good hermeneutics and move to how this passage intersects with the here and now in a day-to-day kind of way.

Here we want to help people see that Scripture speaks directly to our lives in an intimate way. God’s truth is timely and timeless. Here we begin to move to that timeless truth that should propel us to some sort of response. We show what that response looks like generally and share our big idea/bottom line/main point of the sermon here.

5. What’s a powerful picture?

Specifically, we want to inspire through imagining or showing what life would look like if we allowed God to do this work in us that the passage speaks of (or responded in a certain way to the text or took an action—like bearing one another’s burdens).

Here our goal is to put feet to the future. If God used this sermon to do something in us, what could that look like? Help people see!

6. What should happen now?

When the rubber meets the road, where do we go? How do we go? What happens now? We want to help people take action. We should always call people to take action in response to our sermons.

Go to God in prayer and ask Him for wisdom in where to go here. If someone were to take action on Monday morning in response to the sermon, what would that action look like? Be specific.

What questions do you ask of your sermon before you preach?

Join the conversation and let us know. You can do so in the comments below or on social media: Join our Facebook Group, tweet us or post on our Facebook Page. We would love to connect!

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This article originally appeared here.

3 Popular Lies Millennials Believe About How the World Works

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Depending on how you view Millennials, you may think, “Just three lies Millennials believe about how the world works? I can think of at least 30!” I’m sure you can.

There are plenty of lies Millennials believe, but as I re-watched the Simon Sinek video earlier this week, I thought it would be helpful to outline three of the most popular lies Millennials believe about how the world works. Here they are:

1. Anything you want can be obtained instantly.

We truly do live in an instant-gratification world, don’t we? Whether it’s Amazon Prime’s ability to ship us anything we want in two days or Netflix’s provision of instant, endless entertainment, we have to wait for what we want less than ever.

Unfortunately, while instant gratification may apply to products and entertainment, it does not apply to relationships or career success, and this frustrates young people.

I think that this is, in part, why Millennials have developed a reputation of job-hopping. Many young people change jobs within a year or two simply because the gratification they hope to find in their work was not delivered to them in a timely manner.

Many Millennials have demonstrated, in various ways, a lack of patience, and I believe this is due in large part to the culture of instant gratification we have created in a number of spheres, technology being the foremost.

2. If you just try hard enough, you can be anything you want and change the world.

Simon Sinek harped on this pretty hard in his video about Millennials that went viral. My parents, and many Millennials’ parents, teachers and otherwise, hammered it pretty hard into our heads growing up that “you can be anything you want to be,” and “you can change the world.”

Parents and teachers tell young people this for good reason, not to give them unrealistic expectations but to not limit their hopes and dreams in any way. Just think of the cheesy, astronomically incorrect phrase, “Shoot for the moon, and you’ll land among the stars.” In most instances, it seems as though it would be better to tell a young person, “You can be anything you want,” than “You’re probably going to work a mediocre office job for the rest of your life.”

But, an unintentional and unfortunate side effect of telling a generation of young people they can be whatever they want and change the world is that you may produce a generation of young people who believe they can have everything their parents had, work at a coffee shop and eradicate the worldwide sex trafficking industry, all at once.

This unrealistic expectation, unintentionally planted by their parents, has made Millennials frustrated with desk jobs, unsatisfied with renting an apartment instead of owning a home, and upset about not being able to travel the world and fix the world’s problems all at once.

Millennials, largely, have serious interest in activism efforts—they really want to change the world. This is good. But it can be a bit frustrating when “changing the world” doesn’t happen at the click of a button or the tap of an app.

3. Social media enhances your ability to communicate and develop relationships with others.

I work in the social media space. My day job is to help authors connect with their readers on social media. I believe in social media as a ministry tool, as I have written numerous times here on the blog.

But I think social media, and online communication in general, destroys interpersonal communication under the guise of being more efficient and effective.

The culture created by Facebook interactions, YouTube comment threads and Twitter flame wars has birthed an environment in which we have lost the ability to listen and converse with grace and humility.

While President Barack Obama and I disagree on a wide range of topics, I couldn’t help but say “Amen” the other night during his farewell speech when he said, “If you’re tired of arguing with strangers on the Internet, try talking with one of them in real life.”

Good interpersonal communication skills are underrated in our culture at present. The trouble is that we often want to point to social media and the new ways of communicating more frequently and expressively (see: emojis) than before as a sort of “improvement” to our ability to communicate. We like to think of our ability to communicate as having “evolved” to a greater height than it was before. This is mistaken.

Our ability to communicate effectively with other human beings has been hindered by the Internet and social media, not enhanced.

Millennials, myself included, often do not understand this.

This is not to say we should abandon social media and Internet communication altogether—quite the opposite, actually.

Perhaps the first-and-foremost reason I haven’t quit my job and abandoned social media completely is because I believe we can redeem social media and learn how to use it effectively, so that it truly is enhancing our ability to communicate.

So, those are three common ways Millennials misunderstand the world. I slip into these from time-to-time, to be sure.

Do you have any to add?

This article originally appeared here.

John Crist Nails the Problem with ‘Church Hunters’ in This Spoof

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This church hunters video by Christian comedian John Crist will make you laugh and possibly cry by the end of it. The clever video a parody on the popular HGTV show House Hunters and pokes fun at a pretty serious issue within our culture. You’ll laugh because it is downright funny, but you also might cry cause it is downright honest.

Looking for a church body to be involved in is not only essential to a Christ-follower’s life; it is also a very important decision. Sadly we have probably all heard the statement “The churches we go to now, for us, (are) just not really doing IT for us.” Add that with the variety of preaching the internet provides, it more often than not seems like every church is compared to the ones seen online. Take for instance a line that had me literally laughing out loud in a coffee shop when I first watched it: “We are more looking for the humor of Andy Stanley with the body of Steven Furtick.” Although that line isn’t real because this show isn’t real, as a leader in the church I’ve heard people say we are looking for a preacher that preaches just like _______ who we listen to via their podcast (or watch online) every week.

What culture are you creating within your church? Is yours a culture with the aroma of Jesus and only Jesus, or it a distraction to Jesus and the gospel? Do people keep coming back because of you and their desire to hear you or do they keep coming back because they desire to fall in love with Jesus and live in community as His church.

Take time to laugh at this, but also allow the Holy Spirit to remind you the church is to be all about Jesus and nothing but Jesus. An enlightening activity would be to count how many times you hear Jesus in this video.

Church Hunters Video

Here is episode 2: “We are looking for (a place that is inspirational) like a ‘Ted Talk’ with a Bible verse.”

5 Ways to Lead the Next Generation and Avoid Becoming Obsolete

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Somehow we’ve gotten a little confused about the essence of leadership. If you think it’s all about getting bigger, going higher, and commanding more respect and attention from others, you’ve missed the point.

Leadership is all about giving everything we’ve got to others. If we have knowledge, wisdom and insight, we lead by giving it away. We grow by investing in others.

There is an entire generation of up-and-coming leaders who need elders. They need fathers, models, mentors and friends. And leadership is, among many other things, the willingness to lead the next generation of leaders.

Becoming obsolete is easy. All you have to do is stay on the path of least resistance, pay the least cost, and think only about yourself and your own success.

To avoid becoming obsolete, try one of these tips for leading the next generation…

Grab Coffee

Can you lead from a distance? Sure. But if all you do is lead from a distance, you are severely limiting your opportunity to lead to your fullest potential.

And that’s why coffee is so important (and espresso is even better!). Keith Ferrazzi’s book Never Eat Alone makes a pretty excellent point: Every time you eat (or have coffee) alone, you’re missing out on one of the most opportune moments for mentoring.

Aside from those rare times when you really just need to work alone for a while, always ask yourself, who could do coffee with me?

Give Resources

A few years ago, a mentor of mine gave me a copy of Little Black Book of Connections by Jeffrey Gitomer. I’ve since given away a few dozen copies of that book. I keep a few in my car for when I’m doing coffee with a young leader.

That book taught me a big lesson about leadership: If you want to succeed, add value to people’s lives. And Gitomer was saying it before it was so cool to say it.

When you come across a great book about leadership, buy an extra copy to give away. And when you use an app that makes you more productive, share about it on social media.

Gather a Group

You can and should grab coffee with individual leaders. But you can also draw together a learning community—young leaders who will sit at the table with you on a regular basis.

  • They’ll learn from you.
  • They’ll learn from each other.
  • And you’ll learn more from them than you expected.

Start off with some “life” talk and then ask a couple of powerful questions to stimulate productive discussion. Close your time with a word of encouragement.

Guide Through Coaching

Coaching is a little different from mentoring. With mentoring, your goal is to pour knowledge into someone and help them to apply it. With coaching, your goal is to ask powerful questions about whatever struggle a leader may be  facing to help them get unstuck and growing again.

Coaching is really a special skill set. I’m a big believer in getting coached and in coaching others. The value of great leadership coaching is hard to estimate.

When I was starting a church, which I’d never done before, I had a lot of questions about what to do next and how not to fail miserably. I found coaches who asked me tough questions and helped me work through my biggest obstacles. It’s worth it!

Give Permission

Think for a second about the first time you were invited into an opportunity by someone in a leadership position. It was probably a little scary. And it was probably life-changing. It was a defining moment.

Don’t hog all the good projects for yourself. Give away some of the best opportunities to allow young leaders to stretch their wings and get their legs under them.

When you give a young leader a project that is just beyond their present capabilities, you stretch them to learn, to grow, to expand their current knowledge and skill set. It’s part of leadership development.

The world needs recurring generations of leaders who will influence their world boldly for good. Invest in them, or become obsolete!

This article originally appeared here.

Three Steps to Change the Culture in Your Church

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This morning in my Missional Next Generation class at Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary I taught students three basic steps to change the culture in your church. Changing the culture takes time: Churches are more like an aircraft carrier than a jet ski. Changing the culture involves unique features in each church context: A country church where 75 percent of the members are related calls for different emphases than an urban church where no one is related outside individual families.

Still, certain steps can help any church or ministry within a church to recalibrate the culture. Here are three essentials:

1. Communicate/teach well: It’s vital we teach consistently a vision centered on Jesus and what He has done on the cross and is doing through the church today. I know student pastors who began their ministry walking students through the great gospel Story for weeks to lay a foundation for the ministry to come. I’ve also met young adults who told me the only thing they remembered from their years in youth group were “don’t have sex, and invite a friend.” What are we consistently communicating? What do you want those in your church to hold on to as most important—behavior modification, church attendance weekly or following Jesus daily? Churches I’ve known with a culture of evangelism and healthy discipleship have great clarity of focus on the Word of God and following Jesus in all of life. I’ve read through the epistles of Paul more than once to note how much he speaks of Jesus and the good news, and it’s amazing how Christ-centered Paul is. His communication is focused.

2. Model/exemplify what we teach: Paul said to imitate him as he imitated Christ. He told the Ephesian elders at Miletus they knew how he lived the whole time he was with them. He set a consistent example that matched his teaching. If you want your ministry to be evangelistic, you must teach the gospel well and teach practical ways to talk about Jesus to others. But if you also regularly give examples of your witness or attempts to share Christ, your example of witness is as powerful as what you teach. People listen to your words, but follow your example. Our high school minister at our church is in class this week. He shared how recently our student ministry had a night of testimonies of youth sharing their attempts to witness. That’s a powerful example to the ministry of what matters. Recently one of our young pros who leads a youth small group led a (former) atheist to Christ. When he told me, I had him share that with our group. Why? The power of example. What are the examples and models you share before your ministry?

3. How you structure/what you celebrate: Here is the one we miss the most, and it may be most important. If you want your people sharing your faith but everything you structure in your church focuses on getting people into the building, there is a contradiction. If you want the big pile of youth coming on Wednesday to show up on Sunday, you have to structure your ministry to give attention to more than what’s going on Wednesdays. For example, almost without exception when I teach our young pros each week I mention something our pastor said in the sermon. Why? I structure that intentionally as a way of saying what goes on in the service matters (we are not a parachurch ministry) and I respect my pastor. I regularly speak of attempts to witness, which is both an example (number 2) and a way of structuring a regular focus on witnessing. Several times a year we have testimonies of mission trips because global missions is vital to our ministry; we teach this, we give these examples and we structure our ministry to give regular emphasis to global missions. An important way to integrate this into your structure is to celebrate regularly—both spontaneously and intentionally—the things we teach and model. What you celebrate is what your people will imitate.

What do you teach? What do you model? How do you structure and what do you celebrate?

This article originally appeared here.

The Cell Church Philosophy

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In contrast to traditional churches where believers have a passive and consumer role, cell churches are committed to helping each member become actively involved both the cell and the celebration. The believer is seen as one who should take care of his brothers and dedicates himself to encourage them by his example so that they take on leading roles. The nature of the cell church is that everyone participates. Each one develops his or her own gift for the edification of the body. So being a cell church implies an essential change in the philosophy of how one understands being a church and the role that corresponds to each believer. In essence, it is the transition from a priestly system to an evangelical one. That is, to move from a theological model where the pastor is a mediator between God and the congregation to a model in which each person goes directly to God without the need of a mediator and sees himself responsible for caring for his brothers.

The issue is not only about adopting a working methodology with cells but to make a change of mentality regarding how the church is understood and the role of each one of the members. The change should not only take place in the pastor but also in the congregation. The pastor needs to formulate the values, open spaces of participation, delegate to others and then encourage those who are already ministering. As the pastor succeeds in transferring the new philosophy to his members, he will succeed in multiplying disciples who assume leadership responsibilities.

This article originally appeared here.

Amidst Unrest, Division and Fear: 5 Reasons It’s Great to Be a Christian Today

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America is facing turbulent times. Political unrest is unceasing. The racial divide is deepening. Fear and frustration swirl frantically.

This leads to only one logical conclusion: It’s a wonderful time to be a Christian.

Christians are uniquely equipped to thrive in tumultuous times, not because we are great, but because our God is. As we consider the darkness of our days, I’d like to share five reasons I think it is a wonderful time to be a Christian in America.

1. People are intrigued by real Christians.

Whether it be through media stories, political reports or comedy sets, “evangelical Christians” are characterized as whiny, entitled children. We are perceived as bigoted hate-mongers looking down on others while blinded to our own shortcomings. We are seen as outdated, overrated and irrelevant.

Yet, when someone meets an actual Christian these days, they often are intrigued.

Our convictions are peculiar, but the gentleness and respect with which we hold them is refreshing (1 Peter 3:15). We engage with humility because we know that we too are imperfect and need God to change us as well.

Our community is also peculiar. When they observe the church, they find a people who are not naturally united. We come from different cultures, vote for different candidates, march for different causes and often have little in common—except Jesus. When people spend time with us, they perceive a love marked by patience, charity and heavenly-mindedness.

Now, not everyone will like real Christians when they meet them. But God’s word promises that he will use our love to change people’s opinion of us and (more importantly) of our God:

Keep your conduct among [nonbelievers], so that when they speak against you as evildoers, they may see your good deeds and glorify God on the day of visitation. (1 Peter 2:12)

If Christians will engage their neighbors with courageous, humble, honest, servant-hearted love, people will be pleasantly surprised.

2. Christians have the answer for racial reconciliation.

The rock of racial unrest has been rolled over in our country. Out from the darkness have crawled sorrowful reminders that our progress is incomplete. The anger and apathy that swirls around our brokenness tempts many to despair.

Yet Christians know Jesus provides a better way. On the one hand, we cannot simply say Jesus is enough and expect peace. The issues are far too complex and wounds too deep for a superficial balm. The hard work of praying, fasting, listening, learning, confessing, repenting, forgiving and changing is required.

White brothers and sisters ought to show love by learning about the deep roots of social, institutional and communal injustices that affect many today. Read the Scriptures alongside historical books that recount the black experience in America. Talk about what you are reading with African-American friends and include other minority friends in the discussion. Don’t be defensive or quick to make excuses. Listen. Learn. Repent of sin that is exposed. Empathy is developed when education occurs in the context of relationships.

Black brothers and sisters, I encourage you toward a resilient faith. Many of your forefathers endured oppression, were denied membership in white churches and grew despite a lack of access to theological education. We need to see that resilience now. Systems of injustice will not be corrected overnight, which means that testing will continue. But as tests come, please ensure that your hearts are being purified and not petrified. White Christians are not your enemy. Jesus says they are family. The Lord calls us to “hope” all things, including the best in fellow believers, even when we hurt, confuse or disappoint each other.

On the other hand, we must say Jesus is enough, for he himself is our peace.

[Jesus] is our peace, who has made us both one and has broken down in his flesh the dividing wall of hostility. (Ephesians 2:14)

We have already been reconciled in Christ (2 Corinthians 5:16–20). While laboring to apply this reconciliation takes hard work, we must remember that he has made us one—even if we don’t feel like it (Ephesians 4:1–3). The peace Jesus provides is strong enough to hold back the gates of hell and weather the storm we face today.

The world does not have an answer like Jesus. They have no power and no lasting solutions. But we have an opportunity to show them the unity that Jesus prayed for and purchased with his blood (John 17.20–21″ data-version=”esv” data-purpose=”bible-reference”>John 17:20–21).

At the cross alone, fear mongering, finger pointing and apathetic indifference are put to death, and real reconciliation comes to life.

3. God has brought unreached peoples to us.

For centuries, the American church has been praying, raising money, and sending workers to take the good news of Jesus to people who have not heard. This work is important and must continue, but we can’t overlook what God is doing in our own backyard.

God has brought unreached peoples to us.

Though policies surrounding immigration are debated, the reality of immigration is not. Tens of millions of legal and illegal immigrants have settled in the United States. Many have fled war-torn countries and are seeking a fresh start. Many are seeking hope which cannot be found in Allah or any other supposed god.

Regardless of your political views, if you are a Christian, your theological convictions should spur you to action. What would happen if Christians opened their homes and their lives to the strangers who live next to them? Showing Christlike hospitality to Muslim neighbors is essential for them to understand the true message of Christianity.

I do not say this lightly—we are positioned to fulfill the Great Commission.

Dispersed peoples and advances in technology have opened unparalleled opportunities to advance the gospel. While we are able, we must steward this opportunity and make disciples among the nations, and by his grace, many are in our backyard.

4. Persecution is purifying us.

Jesus promised that following him would be costly. He warned, “If they persecuted me, they will also persecute you” (John 15:20). Ostracism and affliction have marked the church since its beginnings. Yet, the United States has been largely spared this common experience of believers.

Many minority groups have tragically endured oppression, but as a whole, the church in America has known freedom to worship Jesus. In fact, public worship has not only been allowable, but advantageous. Churchgoing opened doors for business, made one appear trustworthy, and was required for social acceptability.

But the tide is changing. And as it does, Christians are experiencing increasing pressure from the world to conform or be conformed. This pressure will expose some so-called “Christians” as imposters, but for true believers, it will produce maturity.

Pressure from the world pushes Christians deeper into Christ. As this happens, we will be pruned and purified. We are forced to search his word to explain our convictions (1 Peter 3:15). The importance of prayer becomes undeniable. Political power is exposed as a mirage. Sin’s offerings are less desirable. Our affections are reoriented toward heaven.

In his mercy, God uses persecution to purify our profession of faith to the point that we can honestly say, “Whom have I in heaven but you? And there is nothing on earth that I desire besides you” (Psalm 73:25). Persecution should never be sought, but when it comes, we can trust that God will use it for our good.

5. We are closer to seeing Jesus than ever before.

The hour has come for you to wake from sleep. For salvation is nearer to us now than when we first believed. (Romans 13:11)

Every generation since Christ’s ascension has clung to this promise. As time has passed, it has only become truer. Whether Christ will return in our day is yet to be seen, but the horizon is brightening as the day is darkening. The believer sees this hope with unveiled eyes and senses the sweetness of approaching glory.

Until now, many of us have gone days or weeks without even giving thought to the Lord’s return. Our love for the world has drowned out the need to hope in the world to come.

Yet, in God’s kindness, today is a new day. As we grow in our love for Christ, our hearts will be oriented toward heaven. We will find the chatter of the world emptier and the promises of heaven fuller.

The Lord’s return cannot leave us unaffected. Let it move you to prayer for perseverance (Mark 14:38).

It is a wonderful time to be a Christian. God is working among all nations, including ours. Let us not despair or be deceived, but lift our eyes in hope to him who is coming soon.

This article originally appeared here.

Digital Bibles for Teaching Children?

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Here is a pertinent observation and question left by one of our blog readers recently:

I have been told that this generation of children will no longer use an actual Bible, but rather a tablet or phone, and that being able to use a Bible is not as important as it was 10 years ago. The same goes with concordances and other Bible helps. Do you agree? What practically do you think is the best way to teach children?

Great question! And yes, I do have some thoughts about this. But before I give my opinion, it’s first helpful to reflect upon the nature of the Bible itself. For example:

  • The Bible is “God-breathed” and divinely inspired.
  • The Bible is inerrant and completely trustworthy.
  • The Bible is the full canon of Scripture—all 66 books—given to us in written form.
  • The Bible is characterized by its absolute authority, clarity, sufficiency, and necessity.
  • The Bible is God’s one Word to us, communicating one main, unified, overarching message, through its diverse 66 books.

With these truths in mind, it is readily apparent that the Bible is utterly unique and separate from any other story or book. That is why I still love the designation “The Holy Bible.” That said, I fully believe the Bible’s words are authoritative and true whether we read them to our class from a Smartphone device, iPad® or in “old-fashioned” printed form. God’s Word is God’s Word. The medium we use does not change or alter that. However, there is something we should not lose sight of: The medium we use cannot be completely disassociated from the message. What do I mean? Here is an example:

My five-year-old grandson knows how to use his parent’s iPad®. With it, he can access educational games, videos, family pictures and more. That same iPad® can also be used to access God’s Holy Word. In his mind, the device is a smorgasbord of options. Is God’s Word more or less likely to stand out to him as unique and holy when it is among these other fun options? So, one reason I prefer using a printed version for teaching children is…

  • A printed Bible helps remind our children and students that the Bible is utterly unique, “set-apart,” holy.  

Here are some other things to consider:

  • Using a printed Bible helps reinforce the entirety of Scripture from Genesis to Revelation. Every time we look up an individual text, we are reminded that it is tied (and literally “bound”) to the whole of Scripture and occupies a certain historical place (i.e., Old Testament and New Testament).
  • A printed Bible lends itself to a better understanding of the permanence and unchanging nature of Scripture. Digital devices lose power, get viruses and bugs, and are constantly being improved upon. Yet my husband still has his grandfather’s Bible from a more than a century ago. Will the device your child uses now to access the Bible still be usable in even 20 years? It will be a dinosaur!
  • A printed Bible can assist our children and students to make a more personal connection with Scripture and, by God grace, embrace it. I still have the Bible my parents gave me 40 years ago. It has underlining, notes in the margins and other personal reflections. It records a testimony of how God personally fed and nourished me with His holy Word during those early years as a Christian. Printed Bibles offer this same opportunity for our children and students.

Because of these reasons…

I advocate primarily using a physical, printed Bible for teaching children and youth.

Please note the word “primarily.” I do believe there is a place for using a digital form of Scripture, whether it be on a device, PowerPoint®, etc. There are definitely times and situations where digital may be preferred and beneficial. But in the classroom and for our children’s personal study and devotions, I believe that the printed Word is preferable. Even if you use a digital device to prepare your lesson, I would encourage you to read from a printed Bible in the classroom and encourage your students to do the same.

Finally, I would encourage you to read Matthew Barrett’s article “Dear Pastor, Bring Your Bible to Church.” Although it is directed at pastors, all the principles are applicable to teachers. Here is his conclusion:

No doubt, my warning touches an uncomfortable and irritable nerve. To insult our use of technology is one of the seven deadly sins in the 21st century. Technology infiltrates and saturates everything we do, and therefore defines everything we are, for better or worse. But is this subtle shift changing the way we read the Scriptures? Is it ever-so-quietly removing the visual centerpiece of the local assembly? I think so. And while I never imagined I would have to say this, I close with the following admonition: Dear pastor, bring your Bible to church.

This article originally appeared here.

Want to Lead Change Effectively? 7 Vital Characteristics

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If you want to be in leadership, get comfortable with change. It’s part of the experience of every leader. The best leaders get accustomed to leading change.

Every leader deals with change, but in my experience, some handle it better than others. There are change agent leaders who seem to have an innate gifting at leading through change. I love to learn from these special leaders.

I’ve observed some common characteristics change agent leaders share.

Here are seven characteristics of good change agents:

Flexible

It doesn’t have to be their design. They simply want progress toward the overall vision. These change agents are never stubborn on matters that seem to have no vision-altering value. They navigate towards a solution, letting others have “their” way. Everyone walks away feeling as though they have won.

Courageous

Change agent leaders are willing to receive criticism and still move forward. They know how to filter through what is valid criticism—worth hearing—and what’s simply a venting of personal interest. They unwaveringly push through the junk that clouds progress.

Relational

Good change agent leaders value the opinions of other people and work hard to gain trust. They know ultimate change can’t happen without human capital and they are constantly investing in relationships. Networking is one of a change agents greatest tools.

Strategic

A change agent leader realizes there are steps to take and they carefully choose the timing of when to take them. They almost have a keen sense of discernment when it comes to knowing when to pull the trigger, when to wait and when to pull the plug completely.

Creative

Good change agents are able to see paths to success others can’t yet see. I need to be honest here and say I’d rather be strategic than creative. There are some who can always find a way to make their ideas work, but it comes at the expense of others. But, change often happens because someone chose to be creative. Effective change is one of the best forms of art in the field of leadership. This takes creativity.

Intentional

Change agent leaders make change for a specific purpose. They never waste a change. They know that every change has the potential to make or break a team and they work diligently to bring the best results.

Thorough

A good change agent follows through on commitments made and sees the change to fruition. They don’t give up until the post evaluation is complete and the lessons of change have been learned.

Think about your experience. Who are some of the best change agent leaders you have known?

This article originally appeared here.

8 Powerful Lessons From the Global Church

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In my various roles, I’ve been privileged to travel the world, talk to global brothers and sisters in Christ, and learn from them. I may be the professor, but they always teach me. Here are some things we North American Christians can learn from them:

  1. The Bible is precious. We who have multiple copies of the scriptures miss this point. It would do all of us good to spend time with a believer who stays up all night to hear and read the Word of God because he doesn’t have his own copy.
  2. Holiness matters. I’ve been with some believers around the world who lean toward legalism, but seldom have I been with any who are as lax about sin as North Americans tend to be. Global believers often struggle with our brand of non-life changing Christianity.
  3. Worship is more than head-centered. Every culture is different, but I love worshiping with believers who give themselves fully to worship. From the African who jumps when he worships to the Ukrainian who sings with all his might, believers around the world challenge my often too stoic approach to worship.
  4. Prayer makes a difference. I once stood for two hours praying nonstop with believers in a war-torn part of the world, and they were just getting started. When Christ is genuinely your hope and peace, you understand better the necessity and the value of prayer.
  5. Persecution is real. For many believers, persecution is not just somebody else’s story on a sheet of paper. It’s their story. No article or website can speak the volumes that a believer who’s been faithful under persecution can.
  6. Church membership means something. I’ve talked with local church leaders around the globe who shepherd large networks, and they can tell you much of the spiritual state of each believer. They take seriously the need for accountability and growth among believers.
  7. North American Christianity is not the center of the Christian world. We tend to think we are, simply because our world revolves around us. Many believing groups around the world, though, have longer histories, more followers and much more to teach us.
  8. Heaven will be really sweet. I already knew that, but thinking about the peoples of the world gathering around the throne is that much more powerful after meeting many of those folks.

What would you add to this list?

This article originally appeared here.

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